Journal of Anthropology Reports

Abstrakt

Forensics 2020: Comparative Study of Mental Health of Hate Crimes and Victims of Crime – Ishangi Mishra-Jain (Deemed University)

Ishangi Mishra

Abstract

Hate crime is an extreme form of prejudice against race, religion, caste, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender or gender identity. There are no dedicated psychiatrists for victims of hate crimes nor is there any law that stands and speaks for the victims of hate crimes in India. This framework is important to understand the nature of the current crisis of mob violence, lynching and vigilantism in India. The aim of the study is to raise awareness about hate crimes and highlight findings through a quantitative study of psychological impact, using Mental Health Inventory -38 to assess overall emotional functioning through a comparative study of hate crime victims and crime victims in India. N= 60 participants, 20-30 years, drawn from data from mental health clinics, police records and general population. There are no significant differences between hate crime victims and crime victims in terms of psychological distress and well-being. The analysis of the data will raise awareness about the impact of hate crimes and the information can be used for further studies by law enforcement agencies in India to combat hate crimes. This study does not attempt to fully explain the nature of hate crimes in India. Its aim is to contribute to thinking about the need for psychological support for victims of hate crimes and crime victims.

Introduction:

Although definitions vary from state to state, "hate crime" generally refers to a crime against persons or property determined in whole or in part by race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and other preferences. Politicians, journalists, investigative groups, and some criminologists claim that the United States suffers from a general "hate crime plague." The use of the plague analogy is intended to dramatize a rapidly increasing percentage of hate crimes. Claims that a hate crime plague exists are often accompanied by proposals for new "hate crime laws" that increase the minimum or maximum punishment for offenders.

In Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men konzentrieren sich 42 verschiedene Autoren auf Gewalt gegen Homosexuelle und beginnen mit der Begründung, dass solche Übergriffe, obwohl sie kein neues Problem darstellen, drastisch zugenommen haben. Ein großer Teil des Buches präsentiert narrative Belege für einen Anstieg von Hassverbrechen gegen Homosexuelle und beschreibt einzelne schwerwiegende Fälle. Die Autoren erklären, dass Übersichten über Gewalt gegen Homosexuelle möglicherweise kein genaues Bild des Ausmaßes der Verbrechen gegen Hass gegen Homosexuelle vermitteln, da einige Menschen zögerlich sind, sich zu outen, und Fälle möglicherweise nicht ausreichend bekannt gemacht werden.

Das provokanteste der derzeit veröffentlichten Bücher über Hassverbrechen ist Alphonso Pinkneys Lest We Forget: White Hate Crimes.43 Pinkney behauptet, dass die traditionalistische politische Atmosphäre in den 1980er Jahren ein Klima bedrohlicher Stimmung gegenüber Minderheiten entstehen ließ. Pinkney erklärt:

"Das beunruhigendste Muster war das Wiederaufleben von eindeutig rassistischem Verhalten... [Rassen-]verhalten war weit verbreitet."44 In einem Abschnitt mit dem Titel "Später Anstieg rassistischer Gewalt" zeigt Pinkney die Schuld auf Präsident Ronald Reagan: "Tatsache ist, dass Ronald Reagan den Ton angab und eine Welt schuf, in der Demonstrationen rassistischer Gewalt gediehen... Daher blieben die weit verbreiteten körperlichen Angriffe auf Schwarze und andere Minderheiten ungeahndet."45 Der Großteil des Buches ist der Beschreibung von Fällen von Gewalt gewidmet, die in den Medien stark kritisiert wurden und von denen einige nicht eindeutig auf Rassismus zurückzuführen waren. Pinkney schilderte beispielsweise den Fall Bernhard Goetz, in dem Goetz, ein Weißer, vier schwarze Jugendliche erschoss, die versuchten, ihn auszurauben, und zwar als Beispiel für rassistische Gewalt. Goetz wurde freigesprochen. Im Wesentlichen, als die New Yorker Polizei eine intellektuell prekäre schwarze Frau erschoss, als sie mit einem Messer auf einen anderen Polizeibeamten losging, markierte Pinkney den Vorfall rassistisch motivierter Gewalt

Diskussion:

Man muss die Quellen der Hasskriminalitäts-Informationen analysieren, um zu sehen, wie die Hasskriminalitäts-Plage-Theorie entstanden ist. Einige Hilfsorganisationen wie die ADL sammeln Informationen und erstellen Statistiken, um ihre Behauptungen zu untermauern, dass die Menschen, die sie befragen, unter einer Plage der sinnentstellten Ausbeutung leiden.

These measurements are used to affirm the "truth" of detest wrongdoing. While it is past the extent of this Article to scrutinize each support gathering's abhor wrongdoing information assortment and detailing systems There are not kidding issues in deciding when a wrongdoing is inspired in entire, or to a limited extent, by predisposition. Notwithstanding grave First Amendment issues which are past the extent of this paper,1 08 deciding inspiration is a complex, every now and again outlandish, try. A few, most likely the larger part, of loathe wrongdoing guilty parties are not secured; their inspiration must be inferred.10 9 Even whenever caught, guilty parties won't give knowledge into their inspirations. In this circumstance, and in the circumstance where wrongdoers are not gotten, the coding of detest violations relies on data given by the person in question or gathered from the wrongdoing scene. However, the casualty might be mixed up, hold individual predispositions that influence their judgment, be excessively touchy, have misperceived the episode, or essentially be questionable. While there will without a doubt be some reasonable cases, numerous cases will be logical in wording of various inspirations. Consider a battle that happens over a parking spot, during the course of which a racial sobriquet is utilized. While getting a stopping spot "propels" the battle, under some legal developments the battle could be delegated a predisposition episode, exposing the designation utterer to a harsher criminal sanction.1 0 A significantly more unpredictable issue would be introduced by endeavoring to tally the quantity of inclination

wrongdoings that happened, for instance, during the LA revolts in the repercussions of the Rodney King preliminary. Does all the property harm submitted by African-Americans against Korean-possessed stores consider predisposition wrongdoing?

The psychological well-being needs of wrongdoing casualties are regularly bothered by the encounters encouraged by the lawful framework. While wrongdoing casualties need social affirmation and backing, the ill-disposed court framework in the United States expects them to persevere through an open test to their believability. Casualties need to set up a feeling of intensity and power over their lives, however the court expects them to be accommodating to a mind boggling set of decisions and systems that might be befuddling and over which they have no control. Casualties need a chance to recount to their accounts in their own specific manner in a gathering based on their very own preference; notwithstanding, the court expects them to react to an unbending organization of lawyer conceived questions that set the parameters for what the casualty can state about his/her exploitation. Casualties regularly need to control or breaking point their introduction to explicit tokens of the injury, however the court expects them to remember the experience by straightforwardly going up against the culprit. Emotional well-being laborers who serve casualties usually report their conviction that their patients' horrendous side effects are declined by negative contacts with the equity framework. Numerous wrongdoing casualties also face phonetic, social, and social deterrents to support in the equity framework. In spite of imposing hindrances to positive cooperation in the equity framework, there are equally significant potential psychological wellness benefits for wrongdoing casualties. Inclusion in the lawful framework may eventually give casualties more prominent security and insurance for themselves and may upgrade casualties' feeling of commitment to the assurance of others by being instrumental in the conviction and debilitation of the wrongdoer. Lawful intercessions can likewise give wrongdoing casualties open affirmation of their torment, compensation for the damage done to them, and maybe a statement of regret from the wrongdoer. The development for casualties' privileges has initiated a few significant changes planned for enabling wrongdoing casualties who look for equity. These incorporate the chance of acquiring pay for the cost of clinical or emotional well-being treatment based on an authoritative objection, the privilege of casualties to talk about their cases with the examiner, and the alternative of giving a casualty sway proclamation to the court at condemning. The development for therapeutic equity additionally offers a few options in contrast to conventional types of lawful procedures in criminal cases. Helpful equity centers around the mischief brought about by the wrongdoing, along these lines making the casualty's experience a highlighted part of case aura

Keywords: hate crime, mental health.

Note: This work will soon be presented in part in a webinar at the 5th International Conference on Forensic Psychology and Criminology on 7 and 8 September 2020.