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Abstrakt

Diabetes mellitus and signal transduction

Mahmoud Balbaa

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. In diabetes mellitus, a decrease in antioxidants and an increase in reactive oxygen species stimulate the production of tumor necrosis factor TNF- and ADAM17. During the treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with Nigella sativa oil (NSO) in combination with various antidiabetic medications, insulin-induced signaling molecules in liver and brain tissues was investigated. An examination of lipid profile, antioxidant activity, and signaling molecules in the absence and presence of anti-diabetic medicines validated NSO’s anti-diabetic impact. It was hypothesized that during the treatment of diabetes, there is an interaction between herbs and drugs. Moreover, the mechanism of action of combined nano-selenium and metformin as a promising therapeutic alternative that alleviates major diabetes symptoms and insulin resistance synergistically was described. The risk of type 2 diabetes complications was minimized. This occurred possibly via a free radical scavenging effect, improving insulin sensitivity and activating pIRS1/pAKT/pGSK-3β signaling pathway as well as pAMPK Accordingly, the treatment of diabetes may occur through the interference of cell signaling.